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Last updated 30 November 2004. This site is no longer supported; information may be out of date.
Maintained as a historical archive by the Interactive Fiction Technology Foundation. Copyright 1993-2018 IFTF, CC-BY-SA unless otherwise noted.
This page was originally managed by Kevin Bracey or Cedric Knight.
Package and compress (archive) files.
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will remove the entry foo/tom/junk, all of the files that start with foo/harry/, and all of the files that end with .o (in any
path). Note that shell pathname expansion has been inhibited with backslashes, so that zip can see the asterisks, enabling
zip to match on the contents of the zip archive instead of the contents of the current directory. (The backslashes are not
used on MSDOS-based platforms.) Can also use quotes to escape the asterisks as in
Not escaping the asterisks on a system where the shell expands wildcards could result in the asterisks being converted to a
list of files in the current directory and that list used to delete entries from the archive.
Under MSDOS, -d is case sensitive when it matches names in the zip archive. This requires that file names be entered in upper case if they were zipped by PKZIP on an MSDOS system. (We considered making this case insensitive on systems where paths were case insensitive, but it is possible the archive came from a system where case does matter and the archive could include both Bar and bar as separate files in the archive.) But see the new option -ic to ignore case in the archive.
zip is a compression and file packaging utility for Unix, VMS, MSDOS, OS/2, Windows 9x/NT/XP, Minix, Atari, Macintosh, Amiga, and Acorn RISC OS. It is analogous to a combination of the Unix commands tar(1) and compress(1) and is compatible with PKZIP (Phil Katz's ZIP for MSDOS systems).
A companion program (unzip(1L)) unpacks zip archives. The zip and unzip(1L) programs can work with archives produced by PKZIP (supporting most PKZIP features up to PKZIP version 4.6), and PKZIP and PKUNZIP can work with archives produced by zip (with some exceptions, notably streamed archives, but recent changes in the zip file standard may facilitate better compatibility). zip version 3.0 is compatible with PKZIP 2.04 and also supports the Zip64 extensions of PKZIP 4.5 which allow archives as well as files to exceed the previous 2 GB limit (4 GB in some cases). zip also now supports bzip2 compression if the bzip2 library is included when zip is compiled. Note that PKUNZIP 1.10 cannot extract files produced by PKZIP 2.04 or zip 3.0. You must use PKUN-ZIP 2.04g or unzip 5.0p1 (or later versions) to extract them.
See the EXAMPLES section at the bottom of this page for examples of some typical uses of zip.
Large Archives and Zip64. zip automatically uses the Zip64 extensions when files larger than 4 GB are added to an archive, an archive containing Zip64 entries is updated (if the resulting archive still needs Zip64), the size of the archive will exceed 4 GB, or when the number of entries in the archive will exceed about 64K. Zip64 is also used for archives streamed from standard input as the size of such archives are not known in advance, but the option -fz- can be used to force zip to create PKZIP 2 compatible archives (as long as Zip64 extensions are not needed). You must use a PKZIP 4.5 compatible unzip, such as unzip 6.0 or later, to extract files using the Zip64 extensions.
In addition, streamed archives, entries encrypted with standard encryption, or split archives created with the pause option may not be compatible with PKZIP as data descriptors are used and PKZIP at the time of this writing does not support data descriptors (but recent changes in the PKWare published zip standard now include some support for the data descriptor format zip uses).
Mac OS X. Though previous Mac versions had their own zip port, zip supports macOS as part of the Unix port and most Unix features apply. References to 'macOS' below generally refer to macOS versions older than macOS. Support for some Mac OS features in the Unix macOS port, such as resource forks, is expected in the next zip release.
For a brief help on zip and unzip, run each without specifying any parameters on the command line.
The program is useful for packaging a set of files for distribution; for archiving files; and for saving disk space by temporarily compressing unused files or directories.
The zip program puts one or more compressed files into a single zip archive, along with information about the files (name, path, date, time of last modification, protection, and check information to verify file integrity). An entire directory structure can be packed into a zip archive with a single command. Compression ratios of 2:1 to 3:1 are common for text files. zip has one compression method (deflation) and can also store files without compression. (If bzip2 support is added, zip can also compress using bzip2 compression, but such entries require a reasonably modern unzip to decompress. When bzip2 compression is selected, it replaces deflation as the default method.) zip automatically chooses the better of the two (deflation or store or, if bzip2 is selected, bzip2 or store) for each file to be compressed.
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EXAMPLES
PATTERN MATCHING
This section applies only to Unix. Watch this space for details on MSDOS and VMS operation. However, the special wildcard characters * and [] below apply to at least MSDOS also.
The Unix shells (sh, csh, bash, and others) normally do filename substitution (also called 'globbing') on command arguments. Generally the special characters are:
When these characters are encountered (without being escaped with a backslash or quotes), the shell will look for files relative to the current path that match the pattern, and replace the argument with a list of the names that matched.
The zip program can do the same matching on names that are in the zip archive being modified or, in the case of the -x (exclude) or -i (include) options, on the list of files to be operated on, by using backslashes or quotes to tell the shell not to do the name expansion. In general, when zip encounters a name in the list of files to do, it first looks for the name in the file system. If it finds it, it then adds it to the list of files to do. If it does not find it, it looks for the name in the zip archive being modified (if it exists), using the pattern matching characters described above, if present. For each match, it will add that name to the list of files to be processed, unless this name matches one given with the -x option, or does not match any name given with the -i option.
The pattern matching includes the path, and so patterns like *.o match names that end in '.o', no matter what the path prefix is. Note that the backslash must precede every special character (i.e. ?*[]), or the entire argument must be enclosed in double quotes (').
In general, use backslashes or double quotes for paths that have wildcards to make zip do the pattern matching for file paths, and always for paths and strings that have spaces or wildcards for -i, -x, -R, -d, and -U and anywhere zip needs to process the wildcards.
ENVIRONMENT
Exit codes:
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zip 3.0 is not compatible with PKUNZIP 1.10. Use zip 1.1 to produce zip files which can be extracted by PKUNZIP 1.10.
“He can compress the most words into the smallest ideas of any man I ever met” ~ Abraham Lincoln
Related macOS commands:
cpio - Copy files to and from archives.
zipcloak (see man page)
zipnote (see man page)
zipsplit (see man page)
tar - Store, list or extract files in an archive.
compress(1), shar(1L), unzip(1L), gzip(1L)
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